Malawi, a landlocked nation with a population of 19.4 million, faces poverty, high inflation, and high borrowing costs for small-scale firms (GOM, 2017b). Foreign development aid, primarily from the US, UK, and Norway, accounts for 58.6% of health spending, with major multilateral agencies contributing to the issue (Norad, 2017). Corruption remains a significant issue, with a high rate in 2018…
